<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2d1 20170631//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<ArticleSet>
  <Article>
    <Journal>
      <PublisherName>journalofhealthstudies</PublisherName>
      <JournalTitle>Indian Journal of Health Studies</JournalTitle>
      <PISSN>I</PISSN>
      <EISSN>S</EISSN>
      <Volume-Issue>Volume 8 Issues 2</Volume-Issue>
      <PartNumber/>
      <IssueTopic>Multidisciplinary</IssueTopic>
      <IssueLanguage>English</IssueLanguage>
      <Season>July 2026</Season>
      <SpecialIssue>N</SpecialIssue>
      <SupplementaryIssue>N</SupplementaryIssue>
      <IssueOA>Y</IssueOA>
      <PubDate>
        <Year>2026</Year>
        <Month>07</Month>
        <Day>31</Day>
      </PubDate>
      <ArticleType>Health Studies</ArticleType>
      <ArticleTitle>The Role of Optimism and Personal Control in Caregivers__ampersandsignrsquo; Stress and Well-being</ArticleTitle>
      <SubTitle/>
      <ArticleLanguage>English</ArticleLanguage>
      <ArticleOA>Y</ArticleOA>
      <FirstPage>133</FirstPage>
      <LastPage>156</LastPage>
      <AuthorList>
        <Author>
          <FirstName/>
          <LastName>Dubey2</LastName>
          <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage>
          <Affiliation/>
          <CorrespondingAuthor>N</CorrespondingAuthor>
          <ORCID/>
        </Author>
      </AuthorList>
      <DOI/>
      <Abstract>Caring for someone who is unable to care for oneself is referred to as caregiving. In the present study, this refers to the direct care provided to chronically ill patients by family caregivers. Although family caregivers undertake caregiving as a responsibility, they may still perceive a threat to their physical and psychological being. Thus, caregiving, being associated with emotional, financial and social turmoil, forms a ground for research in itself. The total sample for the present research comprises 120 caregivers of chronically ill patients, drawn from some private hospitals in the city of Gorakhpur and Faizabad, where patients with heart diseases, cancer, diabetes and other chronic illnesses are treated and admitted. Results reveal that the use of psychological resources of optimism and personal control helps caregivers reduce their caregiving stress and move toward well-being.</Abstract>
      <AbstractLanguage>English</AbstractLanguage>
      <Keywords>well-being, stress, caregivers, optimism, hope, positive psychological resources</Keywords>
      <URLs>
        <Abstract>https://www.journalofhealthstudies.in/ubijournal-v1copy/journals/abstract.php?article_id=16324&amp;title=The Role of Optimism and Personal Control in Caregivers__ampersandsignrsquo; Stress and Well-being</Abstract>
      </URLs>
      <References>
        <ReferencesarticleTitle>References</ReferencesarticleTitle>
        <ReferencesfirstPage>16</ReferencesfirstPage>
        <ReferenceslastPage>19</ReferenceslastPage>
        <References>Aneshensel, C. S., Pearlin, L. I., and; Schuler, R. H. (1993). Stress, role captivity, and the cessation of caregiving. Journal of health and social behavior, 54-70.&#13;
&#13;
Berrenberg, J. L. (1987). The Belief in personal control scale: A measure of God-mediated and exaggerated control. Journal of personality assessment, 51(2), 194-206.&#13;
&#13;
Bhagat, R. B., and; Unisa, S. (2006). Ageing and dependency in India: A new measurement. Asian Population Studies, 2(2), 201-214.&#13;
&#13;
Bruininks, P., and; Malle, B. F. (2005). Distinguishing hope from optimism and related affective states. Motivation and emotion, 29(4), 324.&#13;
&#13;
Campbell, L. S. (1989). Caregiver perception of burden as related to selected caregiver characteristics. Michigan State University.&#13;
&#13;
Cummins, R., Hughes, J., Tomyn, A., Gibson, A., Woerner, J., and; Lai, L. (2007). Wellbeing of Australians: carer health and wellbeing. Deakin University.&#13;
&#13;
Diener, E., and; Biswas-Diener, R. (2002). Will money increase subjective well-being? Social indicators research, 57(2), 119-169.&#13;
&#13;
Dubey, A., and; Agarwal, A. (2007). Coping strategies and life satisfaction: Chronically ill patientsand;#39; perspectives. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 33(2), 161and;ndash;168.           &#13;
&#13;
Duggleby, W., Ghosh, S., Cooper, D., and; Dwernychuk, L. (2013). Hope in newly diagnosed cancer patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 46(5), 661-670.&#13;
&#13;
Edwards, J. N., and; Klemmack, D. L. (1973). Correlates of life satisfaction: A re-examination. Journal of Gerontology, 28(4), 497-502.&#13;
&#13;
Erikson, E. (1959). Theory of identity development. E. Erikson, Identity and the life cycle. Nueva York: International Universities Press. Obtenido de http://childdevpsychology. yolasite. com/resources/theory% 20of% 20ident ity% 20erikson. pdf.&#13;
&#13;
Fave, A. D., Fianco, A., and; Sartori, R. D. (2015). Psychological and relational resources in the experience of disability and caregiving. Positive psychology in practice: Promoting human flourishing in work, health, education, and everyday life, 613-634.&#13;
&#13;
George, L. K., and; Gwyther, L. P. (1986). Caregiver well-being: A multidimensional examination of family caregivers of demented adults. The Gerontologist, 26(3), 253-259.&#13;
&#13;
Gerstorf, D., Heckhausen, J., Ram, N., Infurna, F. J., Schupp, J., and; Wagner, G. G. (2014). Perceived personal control buffers terminal decline in well-being. Psychology and aging, 29(3), 612.&#13;
&#13;
Ghosh, S., and; Greenberg, J. S. (2012). Gender difference in caregiving experience and the importance of social participation and marital satisfaction among aging mothers and fathers of adults with schizophrenia. Social Work in Mental Health, 10(2), 146-168.&#13;
&#13;
Gupta, R., Rowe, N., and; Pillai, V. K. (2009). Perceived caregiver burden in India: Implications for social services. Affilia, 24(1), 69-79.&#13;
&#13;
Helgeson, V. S., Becker, D., Escobar, O., and; Siminerio, L. (2012). Families with children with diabetes: Implications of parent stress for parent and child health. Journal of pediatric psychology, 37(4), 467-478.&#13;
&#13;
Juster, R. P., and; Marin, M. F. (2011, March). The stress of caregivers. Mammoth Magazine, 10.&#13;
&#13;
Lachman, M. E., and; Firth, K. M. (2004). The adaptive value of feeling in control during midlife. How healthy are we, 320-349.&#13;
&#13;
Lever, K., Peng, J., Lundine, J. P., Caupp, S., Wheeler, K. K., Sribnick, E. A., and; Xiang, H. (2019). Attending follow-up appointments after pediatric traumatic brain injury: caregiver-perceived barriers and facilitators. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 34(2), E21-E34.&#13;
&#13;
Nolan, M. R., Grant, G., and; Ellis, N. C. (1990). Stress is in the eye of the beholder: reconceptualizing the measurement of carer burden. Journal of advanced nursing, 15(5), 544-555.&#13;
&#13;
Pearlin, L. I., Mullan, J. T., Semple, S. J., and; Skaff, M. M. (1990). Caregiving and the stress process: An overview of concepts and their measures. The gerontologist, 30(5), 583-594.&#13;
&#13;
Peterson, C. (1999). Personal control and well-being.&#13;
&#13;
Peterson, C., and; Stunkard, A. J. (1989). Personal control and health promotion. Social science and; medicine, 28(8), 819-828.&#13;
&#13;
Piotrowski, C. C., Kudar, K., Strong, J., Giesbrecht, A., Kazak, A., Pappas, K.,  and; Goldberg, A. (2025). The evaluation of change in psychosocial risk with caregivers of children with chronic kidney disease: A short-term longitudinal mixed-methods study. Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease, 12, 20543581241307064.&#13;
&#13;
Lupien, S. J., Roy, D. C., Raymond, C., Leclaire, S., Wan, N., Labelle, R., ... and; Ouellet-Morin, I. (2020). Stigma associated with parental depression or cancer: Impact on spouse and offspringand;#39;s cortisol levels and socioemotional functioning. Development and Psychopathology, 32(5), 1822-1837.&#13;
&#13;
Rammohan, A., Rao, K., and; Subbakrishna, D. K. (2002). Religious coping and psychological wellbeing in carers of relatives with schizophrenia. ACTA psychiatrica Scandinavica, 105(5), 356-362.&#13;
&#13;
Rosa, R. D. L. D., Simand;otilde;es-Neto, J. P., Santos, R. L., Torres, B., Baptista, M. A. T., Kimura, N. R. S., and; Dourado, M. C. N. (2020). Caregiversand;rsquo; resilience in mild and moderate Alzheimerand;#39;s disease. Aging and; mental health, 24(2), 250-258.&#13;
&#13;
Schwarzer, R., and; Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized self-efficacy scale. J. Weinman, S. Wright, and; M. Johnston, Measures in health psychology: A userand;rsquo;s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs, 35(37), 82-003.&#13;
&#13;
Shifren, K., and; Hooker, K. (1995). Stability and change in optimism: A study among spouse caregivers. Experimental aging research, 21(1), 59-76.&#13;
&#13;
Shifren, K., and; Hooker, K. (1995). Daily measurements of anxiety and affect: A study among spouse caregivers. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 18(4), 595-607.&#13;
&#13;
Singh, G., and; Dubey, A. (2016). Mental health and well-being of caregivers: A review of the literature. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(4), 98and;ndash;108.&#13;
&#13;
Spreitzer, E., and; Snyder, E. E. (1974). Correlates of life satisfaction among the aged. Journal of gerontology, 29(4), 454-458.&#13;
&#13;
Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., Reed, G. M., Bower, J. E., and; Gruenewald, T. L. (2000). Psychological resources, positive illusions, and health. American psychologist, 55(1), 99.&#13;
&#13;
Wan, M. W., Green, J., Elsabbagh, M., Johnson, M., Charman, T., Plummer, F., and; Basis Team. (2013). Quality of interaction between atand;#8208;risk infants and caregiver at 12and;ndash;15 months is associated with 3and;#8208;year autism outcome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(7), 763-771.&#13;
&#13;
White, S. M., Wand;oacute;jcicki, T. R., and; McAuley, E. (2012). Social cognitive influences on physical activity behavior in middle-aged and older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67(1), 18-26.</References>
      </References>
    </Journal>
  </Article>
</ArticleSet>